Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 9

Human Resource Management - Essay Example The SWOT analysis is used as a tool to identify strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats in the human resource management practices of the companies. Among the weaknesses of Fifers Bakery is that recruitment is undertaken by the plant managers themselves. There is no formal induction program for new hires. Supervisors and employees view job expectations differently. The weaknesses of Fifers Bakery in human resource management are anchored upon the absence of a human resource department. This article is a comparative analysis of the human resource management practice of two South African companies – Fifers Bakery and McCain Foods SA (Pty) Ltd. The two companies are leaders in the food processing industry. Fifers Bakery was established by Eddie Hind in 1992. It is now owned by Foodcorp Proprietary Limited after its purchase of First Lifestyle. The companys production facilities are extensive with a variety of equipment and 6000 square meters of factory space provides ample capacity for the production of more than 180 product lines, particularly specialized breads, cakes and â€Å"artisan† baked products. McCain Foods SA (Pty) Ltd began operations in South Africa in 2000. The company has approximately 1,150 employees nationwide and has its headquarters in Bedfordview, Johannesburg, South Africa. It has four production facilities in South Africa. It is part of McCain Foods Limited which is based in Florenceville, New Brunswick, Canada. It is the world’s largest producer of French fries and other oven-ready frozen foods. Human resource management is a management function directed at the provision and deployment of a business enterprise’s human resource needs. It falls within the domain of staffing the enterprise. Guest’s normative model is to be used in comparing the personnel management practices of Fifers Bakery and McCain Foods SA (Pty) Ltd.

Application of Lactic Acid Bacteria Essay Example for Free

Application of Lactic Acid Bacteria Essay In food industry Recent years the interest increased in using LAB by using bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances (BLIS) because of their potential use as a natural antimicrobial agent to enhance the food safety of food products and increase the nutritional values of the food. Foods that fermented by LAB such as cheese, kimchi, fermented sausages, wine, yogurt and pickles have not only a greatly extended shelf life compared to the raw materials from which they are derived, but also enhance the aroma and flavor directly or indirectly by the fermenting organisms. There have many lactic acid fermentation products that have been used since long time ago such as Kimchi (korea), Yogurt (eastern Europe), Dahi (india n Nepal) and cheese (Europe n middle east). Cheese The basic steps of cheese production are acidification, coagulation, dehydration, and salting. While acid production is the major function of the starter bacteria. LAB is responsible for the fresh acidic flavor of unripened cheese and is important in coagulation of milk casein, which is accomplished by the combined action of the enzyme rennet. During the ripening process the LAB also producing volatile flavor compounds such as diacetyl and aldehydes by releasing proteolytic and lipolytic enzymes involved in cheese ripening and by natural antibiotic substances that suppress growth of pathogens and other spoilage microorganisms. For Cheddar and Colby cheese production, starter cultures include strains of Lactococcus lactis ssp.cremoris and Lactocoocus lactis ssp lactis. While, blue cheese require both and the mold Penicillum roqueforti is also added as a secondary for the flavor and blue color. Health benefits of LAB LAB also known as probiotics because they can promote intestinal balance and strengthen the immune system. Managing Lactose Intolerance -LAB convert lactose into lactic acid, their ingestion may help lactose intolerant individuals tolerate more lactose than what they would have Effective diarrhea relief preventing and shortening the duration of several types of diarrhea LAB compete with pathogens for nutrients and space in the intestines By-products of metabolism may have a direct effect against the pathogens. For example, in vitro work shows that L. casei, L. acidophilus and L. bulgaricus can all produce antimicrobial agents such as acidophilin and bulgarican that can inhibit growth of pathogens Enhance immune system -LAB has been shown to increase B-lymphocytes or B cells, which recognize foreign matter -LAB also increase phagocytic activity which help to destroy foreign matter by the increasing the proportion of T lymphocytes and Natural Killer cells LAB can stimulate the immune activity in the intestinal mucosa and treat -Reducing inflammations and food allergies Potential Benefits Prevention of Colon Cancer: -LAB has ability to bind with carcinogenic substances (anti- carcinogenic effects) that can protect against colon cancer -Lower rates of colon cancer among higher consumers of fermented dairy products have been observed in some population studies However, more long-term studies on human is needed Lowering cholesterol -Lower serum cholesterol levels in animals by breaking down bile in the gut, thus prevent its reabsorption. However, various studies with fermented milk products have shown either no effect or a reduction in cholesterol levels.

Psychological Theories in Business and Organisations

Psychological Theories in Business and Organisations Leadership and the Multiplier Effect There is strong evidence that leader behavior is related to employee happiness. For example, charismatic leadership is strongly related to subordinate job satisfaction (DeGroot et al. 2000), and leader-member relationships is also strongly related to job satisfaction and organizational commitment (Gerstner and Day 1997). Likewise, trust in the leader is a strong predictor of satisfaction and commitment (Dirks and Ferrin 2002) as is the appropriate level of autonomy displayed by leaders (Baard et al. 2004). According to research by Sy et al (2005) positive managers are more accurate and careful in decision making as well as being more personally effective and imbuing those around them with greater positivity too. Crucially, Kopelman et al (2006) suggest the positive leaders create upward emotional spirals which help colleagues cope better with change. Thus, if there was one thing an organisation could do to foster engagement it would be to have flourishing leaders. Stated in the opposite way, the point seems more stark; if it is the leaders who are disengaged then the organisation is very unlikely to flourish. Flourishing: the source In its simplest form, positive psychology is about accruing a body of knowledge that is useful to people who want to live a good, happy and long life. Reflecting on the entirety of this study, it could be stated that positive psychology comprises much more than ‘positive thinking’ but that it perhaps starts with positive thinking. Further, just as an individual’s personal experience of being at their best reveals their potential, so the study of flourishing in an organisation reveals the highest potential of the whole organisation. Cameron et al (2003) suggest that excellence always exists, even in the most dysfunctional organisations. The ‘secret’ lies in tapping into the source – the positive core, the people resulting in higher levels of engagement, motivation and productivity. This opens up a deeper line of enquiry – how does the organisation tap into this positive core? The debate between the sources of eudemonia and hedonism is, arguably, unnecessary. The research literature is rife with examples of where the two entwine. Indeed, pairing pleasurable emotions in the ‘here and now’ (hedonic) with adaptive activities that will sustain future happiness (eudemonic) is evolution’s way of ensuring that humans engage in the behaviours necessary for our survival (deWall, 1996). Perhaps therefore, the distinction between the two should be about their roots. Flourishing at work is an umbrella concept that includes a large number of constructs ranging from transient moods and emotions at the person level to aggregate attitudes at the unit level. In the workplace, happiness is influenced by both short-lived events and conditions inherent in the task, job and organization. It is further complicated by influences at individual level such as personality and the fit between what the job/organization provides and the individuals expectations, needs and preferences. Understanding these contributors to happiness, together with recent research on volitional actions to improve happiness, offer some potential levers for improving happiness at work. Flourishing People Create Flourishing Organisations Masten (2001) describes flourishing as ‘ordinary magic’, suggesting that it is available to everyone. It is important to note that the benefits of feeling good are not because such feelings allow individuals to play down, ignore of distort negative information. Rather positive affect leads people to be able to consider many aspects of a situation simultaneously, make evaluations and choose behaviours responsive to the situation. Gaffney (2011) suggests there are four elements of flourishing: challenge, connectivity, autonomy and using one’s valued competencies. Further, Gaffney suggests these core components are enhanced by what is termed a ‘mental life’, an alignment of an individual’s thinking and feeling that are on the same wavelength. Gaffney’s point is that it is easy to explain goals, purpose and values in a cognitive way. In many organisations, values posters adorn the walls. In my role as a trainer, I have had rather too many di scussions with exasperated managers, paraphrased along the lines of ‘They [the employees] don’t get it! They are not living by the values on the posters!’ And herein lies the point; to function at one’s best one needs to feel a connection and however positive the organisational environment, however interesting the work and however transformational the leadership style, these will merely increase the odds of engagement. True and long lasting engagement has an internal source which lies within an array of attitudinal choices and mental constructs created by the individual. It is hoped that most staff will have experienced feelings of engagement. For some staff, these feelings arise circumstantially; they are effectively waiting for the right conditions in which to engage. The flourishing employees are less inclined to wait. Instead, they tap into a set of intentional strategies which allow them to take personal responsibility for feeling good. Further, these within person strategies, when written down, appear to be simple and straight-forward. One suspects that the biggest single factor highlighted by this study, that of consciously and deliberately choosing to be positive, stands out as common sense. However this research has uncovered that such strategies are by no means common practice. It may be that one can become psychologically disconnected from one’s best self. The busyness agenda and impediments of modern life (discussed in chapter 1) have resulted in a reactive approach to life rather than an introspective (inside-out) approach that is conducive to flourishing. Just as the key to individual flourishing is to understand and put effort into function at our best, so it is with organisations. The traditional organisational focus has been on deficit management, eliminating weaknesses and solving problems. This is important, but flourishing organisations must go further and, according to Cameron (2013), they must focus on what is ‘positively deviant’, i.e., what is ‘outstanding’, what is already working and what is world class. In line with Cooperrider’s (2005) work on Appreciative Inquiry, this provides a dramatic shift of focus. The Cult of Happiness What exactly is ‘organisational culture’? Cameron (2013) suggests it refers to taken for granted values, expectations, collective memories and implicit meanings that define an organisation’s core identity and behaviour. Thus, ‘culture’ reflects the prevailing ideology that people carry inside their heads. It provides unwritten and usually unspoken guidelines for what is acceptable and what is not. The wider point of creating an organisational culture conducive to flourishing is that an organisation cannot ‘force’ an employee to be engaged. Thus, by implication, the suggestion is that the organisation alone cannot create a culture of engagement because ‘engagement’ is partly an internal concept. Therefore if push motives such as ‘forcing’ are out, it may be that pull motives such as ‘allowing’ or ‘encouraging’ are in. Being religious is associated with elevated happiness. In a survey of 163,000 people in 14 European countries, 84% of church goers rated as ‘very satisfied’ with life compared with 77% of non-church goers (Inglehart, 1990). The suggestion is that religion provides a framework of meaning as well as a collective identity and a reliable social network for people with like-minded views and values. Thus, ultimately, it is the strong social connections that provide happiness in a religious context. The result is the rather powerful effect whereby individuals give up their weekends to attend their place of workshop, for free. While religion was not born out as a major factor in happiness in this study, there exists a wider analogy. It may be that the challenge for organisational designers is to create a similar cohesiveness, akin to a ‘spiritual home’ where, instead of religion, employees are bonded by a common purpose and/or pervading sense of ‘why?’ The organisation creates a sense of community where high quality connections are the norm and where individual employees are playing to their strengths. In short, the challenge is to create a culture in which employees want to be part of something worthwhile and where engagement is not forced, but rather, it flows. Continuing the religious metaphor, it may be that this sense of higher purpose and internal buy-in is, indeed, a more enlightened way to create flourishing organisations. ‘Neuroplasticity’ The relatively stable basic affective state of happiness refers to the momentary level of happiness that an individual typically experiences the individual’s ‘set point’ (Williams Thompson, 1993). The implication is that this component ensures that different individuals may experience different levels of happiness when all other factors are held constant. Although all individuals can experience a range of emotions at different intensities, there is a tendency for these to return to their idiosyncratic ‘set point’ (Diener et al., 2006). Diener et al (2006) argue that one’s happiness set point is determined by the individual’s sense of identity which is in turn determined by their psychology. In short, most people think like the person they perceive themselves to be (e.g., victims get stuck in ‘learned helplessness’, winners have a winning mentality, confident people behave confidently, etc.) The question therefore arises, is it possible to change one’s mental habits and/or one’s sense of personal identity? The concept of neuro-plasticity (Goleman, et al, 2003) suggests the brain is always learning. Siegel (2007) states that â€Å"Where attention goes, neurons fire. And where neurons fire, they can re-wire† (p. 291). This capacity for the brain to be reconfigured opens up the possibility for genuine and permanent personal change If one’s brain has an element of neuroplasticity it may be that the ‘set point’ is nothing more than a ‘familiar point’. It raises the possibility that with some mental dexterity and a little effort, one may be able to alter one’s ‘normal’ or ‘familiar’ level of happiness. In terms of this study, the NonH+ mean happiness is 6.77 (sd = 1.41, std error mean = 0.07) and the H+ mean is 8.29 (sd = 0.51, std error mean = 0.75). Thus, inquiring into the mental strategies of the H+ group and applying them to the NonH+ group could conceivably result in an increase in the ‘set point’ of 22.5%. As argued in earlier chapters, the knock-on behavioural effects of such an increase would achieve significant business results. Beliefs This comment, taken from an H+ respondent, provides a succinct account of the main findings of the difference between the H+ and NonH+ respondents: â€Å"I see the world differently to them.† (male, organisation W) Thus if reality depends, at least in part, on how one views it, it becomes less of a surprise that external circumstances account for only 10% of total happiness (Lyubomirsky, Sheldon Schade 2005). Indeed, Lyubormirsky (2007) prefers the phrase â€Å"creation or construction of happiness† to the more popular â€Å"pursuit of happiness† â€Å"since research shows that it’s in our power to fashion it for ourselves.† (p. 15) Further, if ‘reality’ is linked to mind-set and self-identity, then Dweck’s (2006) work on fixed and growth mind-sets becomes more salient. Dweck purports that those of fixed mind-set believe their capabilities are already set whereas a growth mind-set is conducive to self-improvement through effort. Dweck suggests that a growth mind-set is not dismissive of innate abilities, recognising that â€Å"although people may differ in every which way – in their initial talents and aptitudes, interests or temperaments – everyone can change and grow through application and experience† (p. 12). Further, Dweck purports that those with fixed mind-sets often miss opportunities for improvement and consistently underperform while those with a growth mind-set watch their abilities move ever upward. Cultivating Organisational ‘Games-Makers’ Organisational culture is one of the most important predictors of high levels of performance over time (Cameron et al, 2011) and for ‘culture’ one should read ‘people’. Organisations that flourish have developed a ‘culture of abundance’ (Cameron 2013) which builds the collective capabilities of all members. It is characterized by the presence of numerous positive energisers throughout the system, including embedded virtuous practices, adaptive learning, meaningfulness, profound purpose, engaged members and positive leadership. Various studies point to abundance culture and organisational success (Cameron, Mora, Leutscher Calaro 2011; Cameron Plews 2012) Achor (2013) uses the term ‘franchising success’; identify something that is simple and easy to copy. Achor uses the example of the ‘10/5 principle’, supplanted from the Ritz-Carlton hotel chain to an American hospital. This simple notion of smiling at anyone who comes within 10 feet and making eye contact and giving a positive greeting to anyone within 5 feet is cited as an example of ‘franchising success’. And while sceptics might point to the 10/5 principle is cosmetic, false or, indeed, overly American in tone, Achor reports a different reality. When the behaviour becomes contagious it changes the reality and the feeling of the hospital. Achor reports that staff were smiling and this was ‘franchised’ to patients and visitors. Crucially, this new behaviour became normalised, embedded in the hospital’s culture. It is difficult to find British examples. Although not examined academically, anecdotal evidence exists within the London 2012 Olympic games-makers. Volunteering to give up their own time, with a clear vision to make London 2012 the best ever games, they are perhaps the outstanding British example of franchising positive affect. Positive Psychology: The right science for the wrong reasons? Reflecting on 5 years of study and taking the learning in the round, it is difficult not to have a nagging doubt about the upsurge of interest in the science of positive psychology. The business imperative is strong and this may be the source of my doubt. It could be that positive psychology is the right philosophy but for the wrong reasons. Organisational behaviourists are using the science of happiness and well-being to create workplaces that are engaging and fun, where people can experience a sense of meaning and value. The underlying public sector mantra that lies behind the science is that by creating these conditions, employees will therefore work harder. In austere times, maintaining levels of service with fewer staff is the cost-efficient Utopia of squeezing ‘more from less’. And while this makes perfect sense at one level, treating people well because it is good for the bottom line is, perhaps, the wrong reason for treating them well. In the recommendations, I spoke of a more enlightened way of conducting organisational behaviour. Enlightened organisations may be the ones who take a leap of faith and conspire to treat employees well because that is absolutely the right thing to do. This research points to happiness being a conflux of genetics, circumstances and internal strategies. According to Lyubormirsky (2007), the ‘circumstances’ element of the happiness pie is a rather insignificant 10%. Therefore, tweaking the structure, altering the appraisal system, or providing gym membership and a dress-down Friday, are all having a tiny effect on individual happiness. Much more salient are the mental habits that employees choose (or do not choose) to bring to work. This points to organisational culture spreading in a more viral way, because happiness and its contagion is about sustaining new thinking and behaviours, rather than processes. Rather than command and control, this is more about influencing people to want to change. Statistical analysis suggests the data for this study is reliable. Thus, I can confidently state that a sense of personal choice stands as a central tenet of flourishing. The organisation may well engender this sense of personal choice if it is seen to be doing things for the right reasons. Therefore, the focus naturally shifts towards ‘meaning’. The H+ community feels a very strong sense of meaning and purpose which is reflected in flourishing behaviours. The hyper-dyadic nature of affective contagion means that other employees will ‘catch’ the new feelings and behaviours. This points towards a paradigm shift away from culture change being a ‘top down’ or even a ‘bottom up’ process, towards an ‘inside-out’ phenomenon. Trying Times There is a dichotomy at the heart of positive psychology. The science is both supremely complex and effortlessly simple. The pig iron quotation that heralded the start of this chapter seems somewhat disingenuous towards the pig-iron worker. It is perfectly possible to couch the subject in such academic terms so as to lose the average worker. Yet, at its heart, the constituent parts of happiness remain simple enough for everyone to understand. The concept of ‘consciously choosing a positive attitude’ and ‘making an effort to do so’ seem simple enough. It may be the lack of cognisance that a choice is available or the subsequent effort involved in sustaining an H+ attitude that is more problematic. It may well be that some occupations are inherently more purposeful and carry greater meaning. However, this report suggests that if the aforementioned pig iron worker chooses to be positive and engages in positive mental strategies, if s/he can find meaning in their work and have challenging tasks, stretching personal goals and, moreover, if handling pig iron plays to their strengths, then engagement is more likely. In terms of context, this research project was almost cancelled on the grounds of ‘right research, wrong time’. The head of organisation B1, who turned out to be a strong champion of this research, stated somewhat sardonically, in a meeting prior to phase 1; â€Å"This is an interesting time to be measuring motivation.† Her point was that the challenges of the 2008 banking crisis and the subsequent knock-on effects of austerity would make happiness and engagement more challenging than ever. Bearing in mind the finding that H+ employees deploy more strategies and work those strategies harder it could be that conducting this research in such challenging circumstances was exactly the right time. It could be that in trying times the key to flourishing is to try even harder.

After the Bomb by Gloria Miklowitz :: After the Bomb by Gloria Miklowitz

After the Bomb  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     After the Bomb written by Gloria Miklowitz is a thrilling novel that takes place before, during, and after a bomb which supposedly was sent from Russia by accident. L.A. and surrounding cities are all altered by the disastrous happening. Philip Singer a teenager is in a position as leader of the family. His brother Matt is awfully sick, possibly from radiation, his father was away at work during the blast and for all Philip knows he might be dead, and his mother was desperately injured and needs immediate attention. Hospitals are flooded with injured and dying people and the government doesn't send help for a few days. The badly injured don't even get the chance to be helped because the hospitals have to send the ones that are likely going to live to hospitals that specialize in burns. His mother is so badly burned that the hospitals put her on the bottom of the list to be flown to burn centers. By the end of the novel Philip has taken charge, snuck his mom ahead to be flown to a burn center, and in a sense saved his town from thirst. He truly survived the terror, shock, and danger of the bomb. The novel goes through a couple of settings such as, Philip's struggle to keep his family alive, and the conflict between the nature of a nuclear bomb against the Los Angeles area. When the bomb hits he is playing around in a playroom shelter with his brother and his girlfriend. They go out to find out what had happened and found burning houses, their house only left with one wall, rubble on the ground, debris all over the place, and people running frantically for shelter. Philip's brother became sick after finding his mother and bringing her back down to the shelter, and found that his mother had been burnt severely and needed immediate medical attention. Philip struggles to keep his brother from getting even more sick than he was and to bring his mother to a hospital. Philip's family weren't the only people affected by the bomb. the entire surrounding area of Los Angeles was pounded by a devastating bomb. Churches, Hospitals, and streets were flooded with sick, dying, and even dead people. Hospitals that were built to only withstand 200 people now have thousands, and hospitals lack food, doctors, and water.

Review Questions Essay

What are some factors (patterns of behavior) that project a company’s culture? List several examples from organizations you work in. The factors that are most important in the creation of an organization’s culture include founders’ values, preferences, and industry demands. A company’s culture, particularly during its early years, is inevitably tied to the personality, background, and values of its founder or founders, as well as their vision for the future of the organization. It is shaped in the early days of a company’s history. When entrepreneurs establish their own businesses, the way they want to do business determines the organization’s rules, the structure set-up in the company, and the people they hire to work with them. While founders undoubtedly exert a powerful influence over corporate cultures, the industry characteristics also play a role. Industry characteristics and demands act as a force to create similarities among organizational cultures. For example, despite some differences, many companies in the insurance and banking industries are stable and rule oriented, many companies in the high-tech industry have innovative cultures, and companies in the nonprofit industry tend to be people oriented. 3. What are three major elements that complicate listening? Give customer-service related examples of each. The three elements that complicate listening comprise the internal, environmental and interactional elements. To start with, internal elements involve the use of words at a level that the hearer can hear, and the most importantly, can understand. Talking loudly and nonsensely or meaninglessly can totally deviate your customers from doing business with your company. The customer services on the phone can result in such scenario if the voice of the customer rep is too low or too loud, or the line is not clear or s/he uses very technical words that the receiver cannot understand. Secondly, the environmental factors â€Å"which determine what we are able to listen to and what we cannot. These factors can impact our individual ability to listen and our organization’s listening capacity, as well. These factors include:   Our individual listening capacity, the presence of noise, and the use or misuse of gatekeepers. † (Timm, Paul, Pg. 43) â€Å"In contrast to the environmental elements of the listening process, the interactional elements concern internal psychological processes that are not as easily identified. Two such psychological elements deserve careful consideration: self-centeredness and self-protection.

State Unit Study of California

State Unit Study of California These state unit studies are designed to help children learn the geography of the United States and learn factual information about every state. These studies are great for children in the public and private education system as well as homeschooled children. Print the United States Map and color each state as you study it. Keep map at the front of your notebook for use with each state. Print the State Information Sheet and fill in the information as you find it. Print the California State Map and fill in the state capital, large cities and state attractions that you find. Answer the following questions on lined paper in complete sentences. State Capital What is the capital?State Flag Who designed the flag?State Flower Where did the scientific name come from?State Bird How is this bird easily recognized?State Tree What is the average trunk diameter?State Song Who wrote the state song?State Seal What river is the miner working by? Heres a great picture of the state seal.State Animal How tall do these animals grow?State Marine Mammal How big do these whales grow?State Reptile What are the eating habits of this reptile?State Fish When did this fish become the official fish?State InsectWhat is the wingspan of this insect?State MineralWhat is the foundation of the economic history of California?State RockWhat is the coloring of this rock?State Motto What does this Greek word mean? California Printable Pages - Learn more about California with these printable worksheets and coloring pages. California Word Search - Find the California state symbols and other related words. Did You Know... List two interesting facts. California Landmarks - The state of California has designated nearly 1100 sites as California State Historical Landmarks. This site has pictures of many of them. Your Idea Becomes a Law - Learn how a bill becomes law in the State of California. San Diego Natural History Museum - Explore the activities at the Kids Habitat. Energy Quest - Energy education from the California Energy Commission. Big Orange Online - Learn about the California orange industry and create your own label. The California Gold Rush - Learn all about the California Gold Rush with this online student booklet. Odd California Law: It used to be illegal to peel an orange in a hotel room.

Nueva interpretación de las leyes de deportación en USA

Nueva interpretacià ³n de las leyes de deportacià ³n en USA Si usted o una persona querida est en riesgo de ser deportada puede que esta situacià ³n le cause gran inquietud e, incluso, dolor.   En este artà ­culo usted puede informarse de quià ©nes pueden ser deportados y tambià ©n de cules son los à ºltimos cambios de interpretacià ³n de las leyes   de deportacià ³n, cules son las protecciones para los migrantes, cules estn previstas pero todavà ­a no se aplican y cà ³mo luchar una deportacià ³n y, si finalmente tiene lugar, cules son las consecuencias.   Quà © inmigrantes pueden ser deportados La realidad es que puede ser deportada de los Estados Unidos cualquier persona extranjera que est como indocumentada o que es condenada por ciertos delitos o ha cometido ciertas violaciones migratorias.   Esto quiere decir que en determinadas circunstancias muy concretas incluso los residentes permanentes legales pueden ser deportados. Nueva interpretacià ³n de las leyes de deportacià ³n Despuà ©s de varios aà ±os consecutivos con nà ºmeros muy altos de migrantes deportados, el gobierno dio por cerrado el programa conocido como Comunidades Seguras y ha comenzado a aplicar un sistema de prioridades de deportacià ³n.   Esto hay que entenderlo de la siguiente manera: cualquier persona indocumentada o que cometa una violacià ³n migratoria o un delito que lleva aparejada una deportacià ³n puede ser deportada, pero no todos son prioridad.   Y el gobierno se va a centrar principalmente en esos casos que sà ­ lo son. Adems, se han aprobado una serie de medidas legales que protegen frente a la deportacià ³n a ciertas categorà ­as de indocumentados. Protecciones frente a la deportacià ³n   Destacan tres: En primer lugar, el programa de la Accià ³n Diferida, conocido por sus iniciales en inglà ©s como DACA. Beneficia a muchachos que llegaron a Estados Unidos siendo nià ±os y cumplen otros requisitos de estudios, rà ©cords, etc.   En segundo lugar, el programa de Parole in Place (PIP, por sus siglas en inglà ©s) para indocumentados que son familiares de ciudadanos que sirven en el Ejà ©rcito. Y, finalmente, la igualdad migratoria que se concede a los matrimonios entre dos hombres o dos mujeres   como  la que se da a los de un hombre con una mujer. Esto es asà ­ por una decisià ³n de la Corte Suprema relativa al reconocimiento del matrimonio homosexual. Protecciones pendientes y que no estn en vigor por el momento El gobierno tiene previstas las siguientes protecciones para migrantes indocumentados: DACA extendido, para alcanzar a ms muchachos que el programa que ahora est vigente.Y DAPA, para los paps y mams de ciudadanos americanos. Por el momento estos dos programas no se pueden aplicar y estn pendientes de una resolucià ³n de las Cortes. Mientras se decide a su favor o en su contra los derechos de los padres de los ciudadanos americanos son limitados. Cà ³mo luchar contra un proceso de deportacià ³n Cuando se inicia un trmite de deportacià ³n es importante saber que hay caminos para intentar lucharlo. Y en estos momentos es fundamental considerar contratar a un abogado. Ya que aunque pueden resultar caros, lo cierto es que las estadà ­sticas son muy claras y muestran una gran diferencia de resultados cuando un inmigrante se presenta con abogado que ha estudiado bien el caso y lucha por salvarlo a cuando el migrante se representa por sà ­ mismo.  En estos casos el gobierno nunca paga por el abogado.   Relacionado con este asunto, recordar que no presentarse ante una Corte de inmigracià ³n cuando se tiene una cita puede tener consecuencias muy negativas. Incluso es posible acabar con una orden de deportacià ³n sin saberlo.   Si no es posible acudir el dà ­a y la hora que dice en la carta de citacià ³n, considerar cambiar antes la fecha. Incluso es posible cambiar el estado, si el migrante se ha mudado. Es muy importante entender que la deportacià ³n es un asunto grave y lo mejor es estar informado antes de tomar decisiones que pueden tener consecuencias dolorosas. Consecuencias de la deportacià ³n Si un inmigrante es deportado, hay un castigo y por un tiempo tiene que esperar fuera de Estados Unidos antes de volver a aplicar para poder ingresar de nuevo al paà ­s, aunque en circunstancias muy especiales se puede pedir solicitar un perdà ³n. Adems, es conveniente tener en cuenta que es muy arriesgado ingresar ilegalmente a Estados Unidos, si se ha sido previamente deportado, porque eso es un delito (felony) y tiene consecuencias muy serias.   Quà © hacer En casos de posible deportacià ³n es importante conocer las posibles opciones y asesorarse con un abogado competente que forme parte de Aila, que es la asociacià ³n de abogados de inmigracià ³n de Estados Unidos. Es muy importante evitar fraudes y no caer en las mentiras de personas inescrupulosas que a cambio de dinero prometen resultados que, simplemente, no son posibles segà ºn las leyes actuales.   Por à ºltimo, si se considera que este artà ­culo contiene informacià ³n relevante, por favor, compartir en las redes sociales. Si se desea recibir ms informacià ³n sobre visas, green cards, ciudadanà ­a y dems temas migratorios en Estados Unidos, por favor suscribirse a mi cuenta de Twitter, FB o a la newsletter semanal.   Este artà ­culo es meramente informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal para ningà ºn caso concreto.

Free Essays on Cd Evaluation

CD Evaluation A few months ago I was flipping stations on my radio while driving to Louisville and came across a station I hadn’t noticed before, Trance. First, let me explain, I have a XM satellite radio in my car so radio stations are grouped by categories: Rock and Roll, Hip-hop, blues etc†¦ As I was saying, I came across the station Trance and foe some odd reason I never noticed it before. The music sounded very familiar, I realized that this was the music that I here in dance clubs all the time and absolutely love it. At that point I decided to make a detour and get some of this music for myself, so I headed to Best Buy. There are certain moments in a young clubber’s life that we would love to forget. That long line for a single restroom, ten dollars for a bottle of water, and the list goes on and on. But there are plenty of others that we’d love to hold on to and the music has to be number one. For that I turned to the artist that was displayed on my stereo , Nick Warren. Upon arriving at Best Buy I wasn’t sure were to look for Trance so once I got in the store I quickly found a clerk and asked were to go. The salesclerk was a nice guy, providing me with all the information I could handle. We came upon the techno section and he told me to look for Global Underground. It took a few minutes, but I found it and to my amazement there were over forty selections of the label. Each CD was by a different artist and most were all in different cities and hardly ever the same city twice. I was absolutely amazed. I never realized trance was that big. The salesclerk opened my eyes when he started to explain that trance/techno is everywhere and in every club around the world, I figured that much considering I have been to hundreds of dance clubs and this was the type of music that was played. I quickly found Nick Warren, paid for it, and ran to the car so I could indulge myself in some ambient tones for a while, ... Free Essays on Cd Evaluation Free Essays on Cd Evaluation CD Evaluation A few months ago I was flipping stations on my radio while driving to Louisville and came across a station I hadn’t noticed before, Trance. First, let me explain, I have a XM satellite radio in my car so radio stations are grouped by categories: Rock and Roll, Hip-hop, blues etc†¦ As I was saying, I came across the station Trance and foe some odd reason I never noticed it before. The music sounded very familiar, I realized that this was the music that I here in dance clubs all the time and absolutely love it. At that point I decided to make a detour and get some of this music for myself, so I headed to Best Buy. There are certain moments in a young clubber’s life that we would love to forget. That long line for a single restroom, ten dollars for a bottle of water, and the list goes on and on. But there are plenty of others that we’d love to hold on to and the music has to be number one. For that I turned to the artist that was displayed on my stereo , Nick Warren. Upon arriving at Best Buy I wasn’t sure were to look for Trance so once I got in the store I quickly found a clerk and asked were to go. The salesclerk was a nice guy, providing me with all the information I could handle. We came upon the techno section and he told me to look for Global Underground. It took a few minutes, but I found it and to my amazement there were over forty selections of the label. Each CD was by a different artist and most were all in different cities and hardly ever the same city twice. I was absolutely amazed. I never realized trance was that big. The salesclerk opened my eyes when he started to explain that trance/techno is everywhere and in every club around the world, I figured that much considering I have been to hundreds of dance clubs and this was the type of music that was played. I quickly found Nick Warren, paid for it, and ran to the car so I could indulge myself in some ambient tones for a while, ...

Selective pick of a topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Selective pick of a topic - Essay Example er reality you are facing for a little time, and then course book reading obviously enable you to pass the course and help you get entered into the new standard. The writer of the readable material you consider has a very significant role in the choosing of your reading material as well. I remember when I was 14; I was anxiously waiting for a novel to get published by my favorite writer Naseem Hijazi. But when it came in my market my friend told me that the novel was not that much good at the expectations we had and the market response was very nil towards it. I decided not to read it but to buy another writer’s book. But sooner I got into the shop I bought my favorite writer’s novel and read the whole 623 pages just because that was written by my favorite writer. The novel’s name was â€Å"Aakhri Chitan† and was written on the history of Muslims rulers when they conquered sub-continent and is about the era of Changez khan and Tataris. Reading pushes you in the world of fantasy and enables you to imagine the objects you read. Imagination is a very good facet that leads you to motivation and courage to do any diffi cult task you come across in your

What is Peak Oil and what are the implications for the main transport Essay

What is Peak Oil and what are the implications for the main transport modes (cars; trucks; trains; ships; aircraft) - Essay Example The notion of peak oil is founded on the Hubbert peak theory. This being the case, peak oil can loosely be taken to mean the point in time at which petroleum extraction has reached its maximum rate and production will henceforth decline terminally (Brandt 2007, p. 3078). Different models have been applied in an attempt to forecast the future production of oil and the time at which the production of oil will reach its peak. Hubberts’ prediction of future oil supply and production was arrived at by plotting annual production divided by cumulative production for the specific year against cumulative production (Watts 2011). While the Hubbert forecast model relies on a single production cycle per country to predict the future of oil production, the model used by the University of Kuwait is multicyclic in nature (Arvizu 2010). Some of the factors that are considered in the multi-cyclic models include: government regulations, technology advances, political events, and economic conditions (Arvizu 2010). In estimating the global production of oil, researchers that were affiliated to the Kuwait University analysed the production cycles of 47 oil producing nations (Anderson & Conder 2011, p. 1582). The models produced from the data drawn from these anal yses were then combined to estimate global production as noted by Nashawi, Malallah and Al-Bisharah (2010, 1794, p. 1792). The model applied by the Energy Information Administration (EIA) to predict the future production of oil, however, is not based on the Hubbert model. The EIA model relies on reserves to production (R/P) ratios to predict future production levels (Garza 2011). Figure 1 presents oil production estimates based on R/P ratios. Some experts have estimated that 2020 is the year to look out for as it will mark the beginning of the decline in oil production. Other experts have, however, given more pessimistic predictions with some noting that peak production of

Definition and Description Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Definition and Description - Essay Example This paper provides a detailed technical description regarding this gadget, alongwith visual illustrations, to help layman understand how it actually works. (http://asset2.cbsistatic.com/cnwk.1d/sc/32934833-2-300-SS16.jpg) External Dynamics Modern GPS devices installed have wide variety of features and fancy designs matching car interiors. With sleek and stylish dimensions, these systems add to the overall functionality and suavity of trendy vehicles. Normally, this navigation system uses multiple satellites spread across the sky and calculates variables from different points of references to estimate as close as possible the position of user. This is illustrated by diagram given below. This system is based on one-way time of arrival ranging phenomenon, whereby high atomic frequency signals are sent by satellites to synchronize with GPS time base. It is pivotal that the receiver and satellite both have powerful atomic clocks with synchronization capabilities up to nanoseconds. These electromagnetic radio waves have a traveling speed equivalent to speed of light, traveling at frequencies of L1 C/A and L2 P/Y and rate of 50 bits per second. Thus, time taken for one cycle of transmission and processing of one complete message is only 750 seconds. Signals are encoded through CDMA technology (Code Division Multiple Access) so that GPS deciphers the information and identifies one satellite from another due to unique encoding techniques. However, it is of utmost importance that vehicle has a clear view of the sky with no obstructions blocking the satellite transmissions. The functionality of GPS relies on three sectors. Space segment comprises the entire satellite orbital system being funded and managed by spatial authorities. Second segment is represented by control segment which carries out maintenance and monitoring of functionality of entire global positioning system through master control stations. Last segment is the user segment, which constitutes the usage of GPS system in consumer applications, military instruments and various day-to-day commonly used devices. (Kohli & Chen, 2000) Internal Mechanism GPS is based on a basic mathematical principle of trilateration: GPS must have information regarding location from three different satellite points and the distance of these satellites from current location. There are mainly three broad categories or components that form a car GPS mechanism. Inside the GPS, there is an inbuilt antenna receiver which receives the radio signals sent by satellites which contain information about timing to enable the GPS to compute the position as accurate as possible. The transmitted information has multiple sub-frames. The first sub-frame encodes time-based information like week number, day and time as well as information indicating the satellite’s health and signal strength. The second and third sub-frames feed data about the precise orbit of satellite. The fourth and fifth sub-frames carry status info rmation of the entire satellites network. The antenna demodulates the message to extract maximum accurate information from these frames and identifies each satellite through designated exclusive binary codes for each. The decoded information is transferred to the next division then for processing (Bajaj et al, 92-94). The cycle begins when the satellite and receiver simultaneously

Homosexuality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Homosexuality - Essay Example . In the article titled, â€Å"Genetics or Not, Gay Won’t Go Away†, Frank acknowledges that, for decades, homosexuality has been widely ostracized, undergone moments of patchwork acceptance before experiencing a heady triumph in the recent times. He acknowledges that homosexuals have invoked homosexuality as a way of explaining why discrimination is senseless and homophobia unwarranted. The main theme in his article is that homosexuality is wound in an individual’s genetic make up rather than a matter of choice. Frank goes on to quote scholars like Clinton Anderson, who says that the dynamics via which an individual becomes gay are not yet known. He builds a thesis that substantial evidence indicates that there are connections between hormones, sexual identity, brains and genes. In addition, he borrows from the study which shows that 52% of identical twins are gay compared to only 22% of fraternal twins or 11% of adoptive brothers who turned out to be gay. This, he posits, shows that heredity and not the environment, called the shots as far as determining an individual’s sexual orientation. In addition, more research has identified common chromosomal and anatomical traits among homosexuals in which case, homosexuality is a result of a set of genes. In this case, he likens sexual orientation with skin color and therefore, an unchallengeable biological matter. While he may be having quite valid arguments and invoking the opinions of scholars on the issue, I find his opinions quite warped. Homosexuality is not a genetic issue but rather a matter of choice, which is mostly influenced by the environment in which one lives. In making up his thesis, Frank mainly focuses on the high number of identical twin brothers who have turned out to be homosexuals as compared to the fewer number of fraternal twins and adopted brothers who have gay sexual tendencies. While he may take this as an indication that genes play a pivotal role in determining an individual’s sexual orientation, it is ironical that adopted brothers would have gay tendencies having in mind that their genetic make-up is not similar. Is it not more logical to explain this percentage as having been influenced by their socialization (Paul, 1986)? Socialization refers to the process by which animals (or more aptly human beings) learn how to recognize other species, which it cohabit s with. In learning the interaction process, the human beings would learn communication techniques and how to communicate but also how to recognize as well as respond to other people’s intentions (Kenneth, 1988). This is exactly the same thing that happens as far as homosexuality is concerned (Jeffrey et al., 2001). As research has shown, the number of people who ascribe to homosexuality has risen in the recent times. Is this truly an indication as to changing genetics or hereditary composition (Paul, 1986)? That is definitely not the case. Many people have come up in support of homosexuality thereby triggering curiosity amongst the young people, who have gone ahead and become inducted into homosexuality. This is definitely not a case where homosexuality genes were present but suppressed. It is a case of straight individuals socialized into a particular habit thanks to their curiosity. In essence, many people will acknowledge that technological advancement has contributed imm ensely to the rise in homosexuality. While internet has marked a giant technological leap, it has also created avenues where homosexuality can be nurtured. Pornographic sites have cropped up stirring and shaping these feelings, with many young people

Forecast of Demand for Sun Chlorella food supplements and delivery in Research Paper

Forecast of Demand for Sun Chlorella food supplements and delivery in Bulgaria, Eastern Europe , supplier company point of view - Research Paper Example This demand forecasting shall be done using the following demand forecast research methods: Jury of executive opinion This aspect of the forecast was done by high-level managers whose services were specially employed by my company. They had to work with top marketing executives of my company. Because the demand forecast adopted the qualitative approach, the jury of executive did not have to use any mathematical or quantitative data. Rather, they used their managerial and professional experience in the area of food supplement industry. The jury pegged the marketability demand for the Sun Chlorella food supplements as very bright and prospective. Their strong points included the following: The increasing education on good health through nutrition has made the demand for food supplements go up over the past five months and it is likely to continue for the next seven months. The target population is Female between the age of 35- 60. Records show that the female population between the age s of 35 and 60 in Eastern Europe and Bulgaria outnumber any population target group. The economy of Eastern Europe and Bulgaria is generally improving and thus any new product introduced unto these markets have higher chances of surviving today than it had six months back. The supplier company will take advantage of the technological factors it has put in place such as the use of websites. This is because accessibility to the internet is becoming increasingly potent in Eastern Europe and Bulgaria via the use of gadgets such as mobile phones, laptops, tablets and the like. Sales force composite The company has designated sales personnel for self-made regions for the sale of the Sun Chlorella Food Supplement. There are ten (10) regions in all across Eastern Europe and Bulgaria for that matter. Each of these ten sales representatives was tasked to make projection of sales. They were to do their projections based on the experienced they have acquired in dealing with other food products that Apricus Limited has had to trade in before. Their projections were also to be guided by the opinion of the jury of executives. With the introduction of the all new Sun Chlorella Food Supplement into the trade criteria of Apricus Limited, the following are the percentage increase in profit that each of the ten (10) sales representatives came up with. Representative Headquarters Percentage Increase in Profit 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Belarus Czech Republic Hungary Moldova Poland Romania Bulgaria Russia Slovakia Ukraine 12% 7% 6% 14% 16% 9% 8% 19% 13% 9% Average increase (12 + 7 + 6 + 14 + 16 + 9 + 8 + 19 + 13 + 9) ? 10 = 11.3% From the table, it can be seen that the company can expect as much as 11.3% rise in its net profits. Delphi method The Delphi method was adopted not as a major method for determining the demand forecast. Rather, it was fused to be an evaluative method for the first two methods adopted. This is however not to defeat the fact that the Delphi method can be used as an independent method for demand forecasting because as Whonder (2009) notes, â€Å"Delphi techniques are used to forecast trends and the effects of decisions.†

Ecological Footprint and Personal Environmental History Essay

Ecological Footprint and Personal Environmental History - Essay Example However, the scientists have not been successful till this point of time to locate other planets similar to this one. In comparison with the country average, my carbon and food footprint are more, indicating that I am taking those activities that are generating more carbon and I am consuming more food items that are providing more food footprint than the average rate. In addition to that, my footprint share by BIOME is largely contributed by the forestland footprint, which is around 40 percent of my total footprint share by BIOME. I am astonished to see the impact of my footprint over the ecological system of the planet. I feel that I am the person who is contributing more in the ecological footprint than any other person. And, it is largely contributed by my current lifestyle and activities that I routinely carry on. For example, I use vehicles; consume excessive water, I do not retune my vehicle’s engine on time. My current lifestyle has little chances of being sustainable. I consider that the only way to improve and enhance the sustainability in the lifestyle can only be achieved if I start thinking like a person who lives ethically, socially and personally responsible by reducing every that activity creating or enhancing the ecological footprint. I should retune my vehicle’s engine on time; if I and my father are going in the morning, instead of using two vehicles, we should use one. While consuming water, I should not waste any single drop of water and so on. To be honest, I have never thought about my relationship with the earth. As a result, my relationship with the earth has been a stranger. A person who does not know about the earth, which has everything that is indispensable for my existence on this planet; the earth has been made in a way that is filled with a number of elements and members. Each element and member has individual role to play; for example, with the presence of air, we breathe

Homosexuality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Homosexuality - Essay Example . In the article titled, â€Å"Genetics or Not, Gay Won’t Go Away†, Frank acknowledges that, for decades, homosexuality has been widely ostracized, undergone moments of patchwork acceptance before experiencing a heady triumph in the recent times. He acknowledges that homosexuals have invoked homosexuality as a way of explaining why discrimination is senseless and homophobia unwarranted. The main theme in his article is that homosexuality is wound in an individual’s genetic make up rather than a matter of choice. Frank goes on to quote scholars like Clinton Anderson, who says that the dynamics via which an individual becomes gay are not yet known. He builds a thesis that substantial evidence indicates that there are connections between hormones, sexual identity, brains and genes. In addition, he borrows from the study which shows that 52% of identical twins are gay compared to only 22% of fraternal twins or 11% of adoptive brothers who turned out to be gay. This, he posits, shows that heredity and not the environment, called the shots as far as determining an individual’s sexual orientation. In addition, more research has identified common chromosomal and anatomical traits among homosexuals in which case, homosexuality is a result of a set of genes. In this case, he likens sexual orientation with skin color and therefore, an unchallengeable biological matter. While he may be having quite valid arguments and invoking the opinions of scholars on the issue, I find his opinions quite warped. Homosexuality is not a genetic issue but rather a matter of choice, which is mostly influenced by the environment in which one lives. In making up his thesis, Frank mainly focuses on the high number of identical twin brothers who have turned out to be homosexuals as compared to the fewer number of fraternal twins and adopted brothers who have gay sexual tendencies. While he may take this as an indication that genes play a pivotal role in determining an individual’s sexual orientation, it is ironical that adopted brothers would have gay tendencies having in mind that their genetic make-up is not similar. Is it not more logical to explain this percentage as having been influenced by their socialization (Paul, 1986)? Socialization refers to the process by which animals (or more aptly human beings) learn how to recognize other species, which it cohabit s with. In learning the interaction process, the human beings would learn communication techniques and how to communicate but also how to recognize as well as respond to other people’s intentions (Kenneth, 1988). This is exactly the same thing that happens as far as homosexuality is concerned (Jeffrey et al., 2001). As research has shown, the number of people who ascribe to homosexuality has risen in the recent times. Is this truly an indication as to changing genetics or hereditary composition (Paul, 1986)? That is definitely not the case. Many people have come up in support of homosexuality thereby triggering curiosity amongst the young people, who have gone ahead and become inducted into homosexuality. This is definitely not a case where homosexuality genes were present but suppressed. It is a case of straight individuals socialized into a particular habit thanks to their curiosity. In essence, many people will acknowledge that technological advancement has contributed imm ensely to the rise in homosexuality. While internet has marked a giant technological leap, it has also created avenues where homosexuality can be nurtured. Pornographic sites have cropped up stirring and shaping these feelings, with many young people

Ecological Footprint and Personal Environmental History Essay

Ecological Footprint and Personal Environmental History - Essay Example However, the scientists have not been successful till this point of time to locate other planets similar to this one. In comparison with the country average, my carbon and food footprint are more, indicating that I am taking those activities that are generating more carbon and I am consuming more food items that are providing more food footprint than the average rate. In addition to that, my footprint share by BIOME is largely contributed by the forestland footprint, which is around 40 percent of my total footprint share by BIOME. I am astonished to see the impact of my footprint over the ecological system of the planet. I feel that I am the person who is contributing more in the ecological footprint than any other person. And, it is largely contributed by my current lifestyle and activities that I routinely carry on. For example, I use vehicles; consume excessive water, I do not retune my vehicle’s engine on time. My current lifestyle has little chances of being sustainable. I consider that the only way to improve and enhance the sustainability in the lifestyle can only be achieved if I start thinking like a person who lives ethically, socially and personally responsible by reducing every that activity creating or enhancing the ecological footprint. I should retune my vehicle’s engine on time; if I and my father are going in the morning, instead of using two vehicles, we should use one. While consuming water, I should not waste any single drop of water and so on. To be honest, I have never thought about my relationship with the earth. As a result, my relationship with the earth has been a stranger. A person who does not know about the earth, which has everything that is indispensable for my existence on this planet; the earth has been made in a way that is filled with a number of elements and members. Each element and member has individual role to play; for example, with the presence of air, we breathe

Happiness Found in Happy Prince by Oscar Wilde Essay Example for Free

Happiness Found in Happy Prince by Oscar Wilde Essay Most heroism deals with promotion of virtue and reproach of vice. Sloughing off from such a hackneyed, yet widely used frame of thought, the novel ‘The Happy Prince’ (1888) by Oscar Wilde connects heroism with compassion. With a subconscious reminiscent between ‘courage’ and ‘hero’, compassion is generally not a primary association with a strong image of a hero. Oscar Wilde however, through utilization of ‘the happy prince’ as a mechanism, conveys the idea of compassion and sacrifice which consists of happiness and beauty under a plot of heroism. The compassion felt by the Happy Prince can be distinguished in two levels of analysis: on himself and on the poor. The Happy Prince, once a real prince who lived within absolute extravagance, had a life far from poverty, hunger or servility. Upon encountering the inferior reality of civilian faces after becoming a statue, the Happy Prince expresses his compassion on himself by saying: â€Å"My courtiers called me the Happy Prince, and happy indeed I was, if pleasure be happiness. (5)This distinction indicates the realization of the Happy Prince on the difference between aesthetic happiness and materialistic pleasure. It also foreshadows the displacement of the Happy Prince’s compassion from his own past self to the poor, which causes heroic action by the Happy Prince. The jewels sent by the Happy Prince to the poor in the novel are not just simple sapphires or gold. Rather, they are ‘true’ jewels resulted from self compassion. Such open-mindedness of the Happy Prince allows him to be penitent for his past misdeeds and sacrifice himself to supplement such faults, which resulted in promotion of the common good. History tells us that those who are titled as ‘leaders’ sacrifice themselves for others. Regardless of how much sacrifice they burden, all leaders have a certain extent of private loss to yield common welfare. Similarly, the story ‘The Happy Prince’ also depicts heroism based on sacrifice. In the novel, the Happy Prince, having beauty as a single reason for its production, sacrifices himself to the non haves on the streets by distributing his jewels through the help of a sparrow. Since the purpose for its existence diminishes, the mayor of the city eventually destroys the statue of the Happy Prince. The point Oscar Wilde makes at this part is that action for others with sincerity and truthfulness overwhelms the loss one gets through such action. As Erich Fromm, a German philosopher wrote in his book, ‘To Have or To Be’, property without purpose loses the value of it and absence with a purpose is more valued than its presence. Having firm belief on his action, the Happy Prince was able to practice his heroism. Mother Theresa said she lived a happy life. Her ‘happy life’, Mother Theresa said, seems to overlap with the life the Happy Prince lived as a statue. They both gave everything they had for others and earned happiness as exchange. Compassion and sacrifice may be a true key to opening a treasure box full of happiness and beauty.

Case Study of DFA and NFA Implementation

Case Study of DFA and NFA Implementation Muhammad Danial Waseem Hania Farooq Table of Contents (Jump to) Digital Social Media Popular Social Media Tools and Platforms Blogs Face book WhatsApp Viber Twitter YouTube Flickr Instagram LinkedIn Groups Vimeo STATE 1 (login state) Regular expression for the state 1 (After login ) Regular expression for the state 2 Combined automata Table (3) Transition table for combined states of facebook Scenario 2 Language Automata Transition table: Scenario 3 Language References References of Images List of Figures Figure 1- Types of social media Figure 2- Automata of first state of facebook Figure 3- Automata of second state of facebook Figure 4- combined state of facebook Figure 5- Screenshots of Whats App Figure 6- Automata of Whats App Figure 7- Screenshots of Viber Figure 8- Automata of viber Introduction Digital Social Media Digital Social media refers to the means of interactions among people in which they create, share, and/or exchange information and ideas in virtual communities and networks. The Office of Digital Communication manages the main Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Foursquare, YouTube and Vimeo accounts. Furthermore, social media depend on mobile and web-based technologies to create highly interactive platforms through which individuals and communities share, co-create, discuss, and modify user-generated content. They introduce substantial and pervasive changes to communication between organizations, communities, and individuals.These changes are the focus of the emerging field of  technoself  studies. Social media are different from traditional or industrial media in many ways, including quality, reach, frequency, usability, immediacy, and permanence Diagram depicting the many different types of social media There are many effects that stem from internet usage. According to Nielsen, internet users continue to spend more time with social media sites than any other type of site. At the same time, the total time spent on social media in the U.S. across PC and mobile devices increased by 99 percent to 121 billion minutes in July 2012 compared to 66 billion minutes in July 2011 Popular Social Media Tools and Platforms Blogs A platform for casual dialogue and discussions on a specific topic or opinion. Face bookThe world’s largest social network, with more than 1.32 billion monthly active users (as of June 2014). For accessing users create a personal profile, add other users as friends, and exchange messages, including status updates. Brands create pages and Facebook users can â€Å"like† brands’ pages. WhatsApp WhatsApp is the best social network and mobile application. User create accounts send images videos audio notes update status, recently Facebook purchased it. Viber Viber is also an application and bestest application that gives both option of chat and call to the user. TwitterA social networking/micro-blogging platform that allows groups and individuals to stay connected through the exchange of short status messages (140 character limit). YouTube Video hosting and watching websites. Flickr An image and video hosting website and online community. Photos can be shared on Facebook and Twitter and other social networking sites. Instagram A free photo and video sharing application that allows users to apply digital filters, frames and special effects to their photos and then share them on a variety of social networking sites. LinkedIn GroupsA place where groups of professionals with similar areas of interest can share information and participate in conversations. VimeoVideo hosting and watching websites. Scenario 1 An example of digital social media, i.e. Face book. Facebook(formerly[thefacebook]) is an online  social networking service  headquartered in  Menlo Park, California. Facebook now allows anyone who claims to be at least 13 years old to become a registered user of the website. After registering to use the site, users can create a  User profile, add other users as  friends, exchange messages, post status updates and photos, share videos and receive notifications when others update their profiles. Additionally, users may join common-interest user groups, organized by workplace, school or college, or other characteristics, and categorize their friends into lists such as People from Work or Close Friends. Construct a finite automata for facebook in which a user first access to the login page of facebook then user enter ID and password for login process. This process work in backend due to searching algorithm and after search facebook opens the account of the user who enters the ID and password. And now user is entered in home page. If the user wants to create account on facebook then he/she have to enter some details that are required for creating an account and after verification of detail the user can use their home page. In home page there are 4 main options and many other option if the user wants to stay on the home page i.e. user may use search bar for searching any stuff, any application any friend or anything. User want to access a group that he already joined and either option. The 5 main options are: Newsfeed (notification) Sharing Profile Search Chat Now if user want to open newsfeed then user is able to see latest notification or anything in which user is tagged or anyone post on his time line or having response of the something which the user is already shared. User wants to share any picture/audio/video or any status among his friends. The other option is profile. Profile is the timeline of the user in which user can see or comment on what user have already shared or any friend have shared or commented on is shared thing or on status and user can update his/her personal information. The other option is search. The user want to search some content by using search bar. The last but not least option is chat. That enable the user to chat with the friends on his/her friend list. As the whole automaton of the facebook is too vast that’s why for describing them clearly we divided it into 2 states. The first state is login state and the other stage is after login stage. And at the end we will combine all the stages as final automata. STATE 1 (login state) L= {L, EN, P, H, CA, ED, V,} Q= q0, q1, q2, q3, q4, q5, q6, q7 Where, L=login EN= enter name P= enter password H=home page CA=create an account ED=enter detail V=detail verified The above automaton is illustrating that when the user give the input â€Å"L† means login and after â€Å"L† machine accepts the name and the password i.e. EN (enter name ) and p (password) for reaching the final stage of login state i.e. HOME. The user have another option if the user have not any account then the facebook machine (automata) also gives the opportunity to create an account for creating the account the machine accepts the particular details i.e. ED means to enter the required detail. In this automata it is defined that when user open the facebook user have 2 option either he/she open account or he/she creates new account. So if user have not his account so he follow the second option go to create option enter all the details then verified these detail and account created and if have user have already account so he he/she just enter name and password and enter these thing . So same as defined in this automata user have to follow two paths which are clearly mentioned in this automata. Regular expression for the state 1 STATE 2 (After login ) L= { H, SH, NF, Pr, S, CH, LO, D} Where SH = user wants to share the pictures/audio/video or text among his friends. NF = notification from the friends or the pages liked. The user can select the notification and see Pr= timeline of the user. In which user can see what he shared or he/she can update his/her information. S= the user want to search some contact. CH = it stands for chat. That it enables user to chat with the friend on his/her friends list LO = logout. The user sign out and get return to the main page Second state is describes is the state open after login so after login facebook is a multifunction social media but we compiled main functions. So when user logins to fb user have many options now depend on user what user wants to do. either user stays on home page and read normally or he shared any others post, or check the notification of other or the thing which he/she tagged in, or view his own profile or any others profile or use the search option to find any person or search any app or games for playing or using.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ There are many others also things to do but these are the main thing which normally user can do on the daily basis. Now there are some other things also which we mention in automata is using keelene. It’s like if user logins the page and he do not do anything just stay remain in home page it’s not necessary that all user do the same so it’s also mention in automata. Regular expression for the state 2 It’s a general regular expression which is made by the automata but we have to normalize the regular expression fro make it simple and complicated for other so they don’t try to copy, After normalization I denoted as the r.e2 because it’s the same regular expression but just a normalized form. See transition table on the next page, Combined automata L= {L, EN, P, H, CA, ED, V, H, SH, NF, Pr, S, CH, LO, D } r.e = S (L.E.N.P.H + CA. ED. V. H) H*(SH+ + NF++ Pr+ +S++CH*)D(H+LO) Scenario 2 Another example of digital social media i.e., WhatsApp WhatsAppis a  proprietary,  cross-platform  instant messaging  subscription service  for  smartphones  and selected  feature phones  that uses the  Internet  for communic

Analysis the admission policy of primary and secondary schools in the U

1. Introduction The value and role of â€Å"knowledge† is different in every culture but good basic education is essential in every culture. Primary and secondary education in UK (up to 16) is compulsory for all children. However, there were a limited number of high quality schools and these are oversubscribed application. That created problem of â€Å"distributing† pupils between schools (Hurst and Sugden, 2011). So a practical and effective admission policy has great influence on the quality of basic education. The purpose of writing this report is to argue for the reliability and effectiveness of current enrolment policy. According to this report, it will help admission policy designer to solve the problems and prove the benefits of this policy to parents. This report includes four parts. First of all, there is a brief introduction of evolution of the basic education admission policy. After that, the status of current selection process will be discussed. Thirdly, the advantage and the problems will be evaluated. The last part of this report will show some suggestion for solving the problems, like improving the quality of local schools and punishing â€Å"address cheats†. 2. History Admission policy has undergone a series of changes and developments since Butler’s 1944 Education Act set up compulsory primary (5-11 years) and secondary (11-15 years) schools. At that time, the selection process is 11-plus examination (Mcnay and Ozga, 1985). In the United Kingdom, the 11-plus is an examination administered to some students in their last year of primary education, governing admission to various types of secondary school. The name derives from the age group for secondary entry: 11–12 years. The 11-plus examination usually consisted of three pa... ...dren who study in a local area school will have a better quality of the school and family education owing to the connection between schools and communities. In addition, it also gives equally opportunity access to the good school and good solution for preventing childhood obesity. On the contrary, it leads to a fierce competition for the good quality schools which is recognized as the primary cause of the high house price near good schools. Another fact is that increasing number of parents cheat in the application to the secondary schools. According to the analysis above, improve the quality of the local schools can be an effective way to substantial lessening of competition for good schools. To some extent, strong policy and strict supervision can prevent cheating in application. There recommendations can help the enrollment policy be more effective and fair.

the study of aerodynamics and gravity Essay -- essays research papers

My topic for the science fair is â€Å" Which falling objects fall the fastest? â€Å". Many factors affect the speed of aerodynamics such as the different forces on the object. The aerodynamics of the object and the physics surrounding the object. Great scientists have studied falling objects such as Galileo Galilei and Sir Isaac Newton. I will discuss their lives, experiments and scientific findings. Aerodynamics is the study of force on an object. It has been called the science of flight. Aerodynamics consists of two Greek words. Aerios means â€Å" concerning the air â€Å", while dynamis means â€Å" powerful â€Å". The wind duct is the basic experimental tool in the studies of dynamics. The three main forces used in aerodynamics are the lifting force, the drag force, and the weight force. Aerodynamics is technically the science that was used to develop flying machines, such as helicopters, airplanes, jets, and rockets. Aerodynamics principles are primarily concerning flight. However, aerodynamics principles are used in designing automobiles and train bodies. Since aerodynamics also studies gases in the air, aerodynamics help determine frictional events in gas ducts and it also helps chart the flows of the pollutants in the air. It has been found that people have been interested in aerodynamics for thousands of years. Aerodynamics not only involves the motion of the objec t(s), but also the reaction of air to the object. When aerodynamics has plenty of rolling components, you then will see friction. Friction is a force that resists the relative motion or tendency to such motion of two bodies in contact. Physics is the study of matter and energy and their reactions. The word physics comes from four main languages. Although strange, these four languages all pronounce physics the same way or they are very close. These four languages are Old French, Greek, Latin, and Middle English. Middle English is the English language from 1100 to 1500. Isaac Newton was the person who experimented with many areas of physics, but it was Galileo Galilei who discovered that all items fall at the same speed without air. Newton discovered that forces do not cause motion; they cause acceleration. Newton also discovered that a force is not needed to keep an object in motion. Newton conducted several experiments. His most famous experiment happened in his backyard. He was sitting under an apple tree re... ... car will not hit a terminal velocity. Thus, it will hit the ground first. But, there is only air resistance inside of atmospheres. In plain space, there is no air resistance. If you jumped, you would float up, up, and away. People spend their lives trying to figure out more about air and air resistance. There was tons of stuff on Google, trust me! These people found out that the thickness of the air changes the amount of air resistance there is. Drag force, which is the force that tries to drag you up, is weaker than gravity. The drag force plays a crucial role in all speed-related sports. The drag force is the most important factor in swimming. The drag force affects vertical motion too. The drag force affects skydivers with parachutes. The wind fills the parachutes and slows the skydivers down. In conclusion, there are many types of forces that are used in free falling such as, air resistance, gravity, terminal velocity, the drag force, and other frictional forces. There is so much information on free falling and I have barely made a dent in it. If you would like to find out more information about air resistance, free falling, or any other forces, just check my bibliography.

Banquet Scene

Context of the scene: A banquet has been set. Macbeth and Lady Macbeth enter as King and Queen of Scotland, followed by their court – amongst the noblemen in attendance are Sir Ross and Sir Lennox. As Macbeth walks among the company, the first murderer appears at the doorway. Macbeth speaks to him for a moment, learning that Banquo is dead, but Fleance has escaped. This scene, commonly known as the Banquet Scene, is quite an important scene in the play because it’s a turning point in Macbeth’s life. Indeed, this is simultaneously the high point of Macbeth’s reign and the beginning of his downfall.In a first part, we’ll explore the duality of Macbeth’s character, and show how full of oppositions this scene is. And in a second part, we’ll see how this slowly becomes the beginning of the end for Macbeth. 1. Duality & Opposition This scene depicts a clear picture of Macbeth’s confusing state of mind. We indeed get a lot of diffe rent reactions from him throughout this scene, reactions that are just as sudden as they are opposite. First of all, the arrival of the courtiers and the murderers almost simultaneously shows clearly the duality of Macbeth as King and criminal.It is as if these two sides of him are present in the same room, personified by the noblemen and the murderer. At first, Macbeth is pleased with the news he just received and the murderer, praising him and telling him he is â€Å"the best,† â€Å"the nonpareil† (without equal); moreover, Macbeth's own supposed invincibility is shown: â€Å"I had else been perfect;/ Whole as the marble, founded as the rock,/ As broad and general, as the casing air†. He is the King and he clearly feels like nothing and nobody can stop him anymore. He feels powerful.But on hearing the unwelcome news that Fleance has escaped his treachery, Macbeth's language abruptly changes: â€Å"But now I am cabin'd, cribbed, confin'd, bound in / To saucy doubts and fears. † (25–26). The alliteration of the hard c sounds reveals Macbeth's sense of constraint, in contrast to the freedom and power which he claims to have enjoyed previously. It plunges him back into insecurity. Then Lady Macbeth intervenes and brings him back to reason and the banquet itself. Returning to his guests, Macbeth goes to sit at the head of the royal table but finds Banquo’s ghost sitting in his chair.Horror-struck, Macbeth starts speaking nonsense to the ghost, which is invisible to the rest of the company: â€Å"Which of you have done this? † The guests, confused by his behavior, think that he is ill: â€Å"What, my Good Lord? / Gentlemen rise, his Highness is not well. † Lady Macbeth makes excuses for her husband, saying that he occasionally has such â€Å"visions†: â€Å"my Lord is often thus/ And hath been from his youth/; she then tell them they should simply ignore Macbeth, because acknowledging his behavior wo uld offend him: ‘The fit is momentary, upon a thought/ He will again be well. She then draws Macbeth aside and attempts to calm him by asserting that the vision is merely a â€Å"painting of [his] fear†Ã¢â‚¬â€just like the â€Å"air-drawn dagger† he saw earlier (60). She once again questions his manhood to try to snap him out of his trance: â€Å"Are you a man? † Ignoring her at first, Macbeth continues to address the ghost and charges him to speak but it disappears. After Lady Macbeth scolds him for being â€Å"unmanned in folly† (73), Macbeth finally recovers, returning to his guests and claiming that he has â€Å"â€Å"a strange infirmity which is nothing / To those that know me† and which they should ignore (85).As with the ethereal dagger, the ghost of Banquo appears to come and go, propelling Macbeth into alternating fits of courage and despair. Lady Macbeth tries to soothe her husband. In contrast to the urgent horror of Macbeth's ad dresses to the gruesome apparitions are moments of comparative calm. Each time the ghost vanishes, Macbeth's relief is recorded in softer, more lyrical expression, for exemple when he says later on in the scene: â€Å"Can such things be / And overcome us like a summer's cloud, / Without our special wonder? † (112–114).So the entire structure of this scene shows a man swinging from one state of mind to another, recalling the structure of the earlier dagger speech. Lady Macbeth, on the other hand, remains constant in her judgment. Unlike Macbeth, she cannot see the ghost, and her tone is typically pragmatic and down-to-earth: â€Å"When all's done, / You look but on a stool. † She appears to want to calm his rages, but anger simmers beneath her conciliatory words. It is unclear whether Banquo’s ghost really sits in Macbeth’s chair or whether the spirit’s presence is only a hallucination inspired by guilt.Macbeth, of course, is thick with super natural events and characters, so there is no reason to discount the possibility that a ghost actually stalks the halls. Some of the apparitions that appear in the play, such as the floating dagger in Act 2, scene 1, and the unwashable blood that Lady Macbeth perceives on her hands in Act 4, appear to be more psychological than supernatural in origin, but even this is uncertain. These recurring apparitions or hallucinations reflect the sense of metaphysical dread that consumes the royal couple as they feel the fateful force of their deeds coming back to haunt them. So, serie of oppositions: in Macbeth’s behavior itself; in characters (Macbeth # Lady Macbeth); and opposition reality/surnatural. 2. The downfall of King Macbeth The news of Fleance’s escape angers Macbeth: if only Fleance had died, he muses, his throne would have been secure. Instead, he’s now waiting for the time Fleance will come back to seek revenge: â€Å"The worm that’s fled / Hath natu re that in time will venom breed† (28–29). Throughout Macbeth, as in many of Shakespeare’s tragedies, the supernatural and the unnatural appear in grotesque form as omens of wickedness, moral corruption, and downfall.Macbeth’s bizarre behavior puzzles and disturbs his subjects, confirming their impression that he is mentally troubled. Despite the tentativeness and guilt she displayed in the previous scene, Lady Macbeth here appears surefooted and stronger than her husband, but even her attempts to explain away her husband’s â€Å"hallucination† are ineffective when paired with the evidence of his behavior. The contrast between this scene and the one in which Duncan’s body was discovered is striking—whereas Macbeth was once cold-blooded and confident, he now allows his anxieties and visions to get the best of him.The rich banquet, a symbol of great orderliness and generosity, now becomes a hellish parody of itself. Instead of Mac beth sitting â€Å"in the midst,† dispensing his largesse as he would wish, his throne has been usurped by the bloody apparition of his former friend. Macbeth's language reflects this change. The ghost, so hideous that it would â€Å"appall the devil,† appears to have risen from a grave or a â€Å"charnel-house. † Three times Macbeth sees the ghost, and three times he appears to recover his senses. This alternating structure adds strongly to the impression of Macbeth's loss of control.The short scene is dominated by the repeated word â€Å"blood† and by the idea that a tide of murder has now been initiated which Macbeth is powerless to stop. As noted previously, it is here that the downward spiral picks up pace. Macbeth, having harvested the benefits of his regicide, is beginning to see the down side of his actions. He is seen publicly as a madman, a fact reinforced by his wife's comments that the fit witnessed has been an illness of long standing. Macbet h also refers to ‘tomorrow' (133), indicating to the audience that there is more reckoning to come.Once he sees the ghost, his image as King is changed, tarnished with questions of madness. Macbeth  begins to question his sanity, he can't believe his eyes, yet he cannot look away from Banquo's ghost. In front of his dinner guests, he acts in an unstable, irrational manner. At this point, King Macbeth has lost some of the respect and admiration of his court. His subjects do not look at him the same way after this scene. Macbeth begins the slow descent into madness after this scene, losing his ability to control the future, something that he has killed to achieve.

Cbta

Military profession can be considered as one of the oldest professions in the world. It had been a feature of societies throughout history where certain groups of people were entrusted with the responsibility of defending the state. The military profession today however, differs in many aspects from the military of the late eighteenth century in the sense that recruitment is based on education and skill rather than on the basis of social origins. Military men today work on a full-time basis instead of regarding military service as a part-time vocation or hobby.All professions are expected to maintain a certain level of competency and will be reprimanded or reject outright if they do not measure up to the required professional standards. The military profession must maintain high standards of performance in the eyes of the general public in order to hold its credibility and professional standing. Over the years, western writers like Huntington (1957), Janowitz (1971) and Sarkesian (19 75) had given their views on the subject of military profession and professionalism.They had identified the following general characteristics of military professionalism which are organizational structure, special knowledge, education and training, self-regulation and commitment. The Malaysian Army had rise up to the challenge in addressing the issues of military professionalism among its personnel. All the characteristics of military professionalism mentioned earlier are being addressed seriously by the Army.Thus, one of the measures taken by the Army that the best place to start inculcating professionalism among the soldiers should start at the training centers. The Army has 17 training institutions all over the country and in 2011 the budget allocated for the Markas Pemerintahan Latihan dan Doktrin Tentera Darat was $22. 7 million. With 250 courses and 441 series of courses in 2011, the number of soldiers trained in year 2011 was approximately 16,000. This is a significant figure that can be considered as products of the Malaysian Army.Therefore, the Army has taken an approach by introducing the Competency Based Training and Assessment (CBTA) as a measure to increase the level of professionalism among its personnel. CBTA is not a new approach in training. It has been a nationwide move by the Ministry of Human Resources. Malaysia, along with the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Sweden and Germany were the main players in implementing CBTA since year 2000. The introduction of the National Skills Certification System in 1993 by the Majlis LatihanVokasional Kebangsaan (MLVK) and the soon to be implemented National Skills Development Act by the Ministry of Human Resources as well as the Malaysian Qualification Framework (MQF) by the Ministry of Higher Education will serve to restructure and streamline the national vocational and skills training in the country towards meeting the demands of today’s job tasks more effectively. Its intro duction is indeed timely, given the high priority that it places on the area of human resource development.With the emphasis towards preparing trained and qualified skilled workforce to support the country’s economic development, therefore, the more flexible framework of national skills recognition and qualifications is necessary to promote a conducive training culture for the personal motivation of skilled workers, which would hence lead to the overall upgrading of competencies amongst the country’s skilled workforce. Competency based learning has been the basis of most training and has been practiced in most countries.The Roman Army for example, were masters of competency training as applied to large groups and their effectiveness in delivering such training was a major contributor to their military success. A perfect description of competency training is as follows: â€Å"Their drills are like bloodless battles, and their battles are like bloody drills. † Jos eph Ben-Matthias, aka Flavius Josephus The terms of CBTA have many variations. Some countries know it as Competency Based Learning (CBL) and some countries call it Competency Based Training (CBT). Nevertheless, competency is the main keyword.CBT was a critical factor in the US Army’s ability to train several million young men during World War II. With the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1942, the US Military was faced with the requirement to train millions of young men for its rapidly expanding armed forces. This rapid expansion required a method for quickly providing people with the knowledge, skills and attitudes required to do a particular job. Using variations of CBT, millions of young men were trained, shipped to Europe or the Pacific and due to their training played a major role in the defeat of Germany and Japan.The role of training in enabling the US Military to expand from a very small army to one of several millions in only a short period of time is mainly due to the effe ctiveness of CBT. The Vocational Education, Employment and Training Advisory Committee of Australia, sees CBTA as â€Å"training geared to the attainment and demonstration of skills to meet industry-specified standards rather than to an individual’s achievement relative to that of others in a group†. CBTA is basically a scientific approach to training that relies on identifying the knowledge, skills and attitudes required to do a particular job, for example for an infantry soldier.The approach taken was to break each job down into groups of competencies. Competencies related to any particular job could be identified through a careful process of training analysis in terms of performance, conditions and standards. For example an infantry soldier might be required to perform firing of a rifle. The conditions required to fire the rifle at various conditions and positions. Example of standards required are, during day on a range at one hundred meters score fifty hits on a t arget measuring three foot high two foot wide, while standing.There is considerable debate as to what actually makes a competency, but for general purposes it can be identified as a readily identified group of related knowledge, skills and attitudes, which taken together constitute a major part of a job which is subject to measurement and assessment. Generally if you cannot measure performance with a stop watch then it is probably not a competency. To give an example, firing a rifle in terms of infantry training can be regarded as a competency. It is a major part of an infantry man’s job. It can be measured in terms of performance, conditions and standards and you can put a stop watch to it.For example, ten shots in the target within one minute. The Malaysian Armed Forces (MAF) adopted CBTA based on the concept implemented by the Australian Defence Forces (ADF). The ADF practiced the CBTA concept since year 1996. The MAF, realizing the need to revamp the approach towards trai ning, started the initiative towards CBTA in 2002 and started implementing CBTA in year 2007. The introduction of CBTA in the Army training programs has lead to the establishment of the Malaysian Army Competency Standard (MACS). It is a document that underlines the necessities and requirements that must be obtained by a soldier in their field of expertise.MACS will be assessed based on job proficiency in order to make sure soldiers can accomplish tasks at a level that can be accepted. The Army has identified that there are 318 career and functional courses based on the Armed Forces Code No 2 (AF Code No 2) that need to meet the requirement of MACS. Since the introduction of CBTA until end of year 2011, the number of soldiers who have qualified for the Malaysian Skills Certification (MSC) or also known as Sijil Kemahiran Malaysia (SKM) from Army training institutions is 42,408 students.MSC or SKM is a certification structure which comprises of five levels National Skills Qualificatio n Framework based on National Occupational Skills Standard (NOSS). MACS development for the courses listed in the AF Code No 2 varies in terms of achieving SKM accreditation ranging from SKM Level 1 to 5. The strengths of implementing CBTA in the Army encompassed all the general characteristics of military professionalism mentioned earlier. In the area of education and training, once the competencies have been identified then it is relatively easy to structure a training course.You might break the competencies down into component tasks, for example before you can fire a rifle, you would have to learn how to strip and assemble that rifle. That particular task might be listed as a specific learning outcome which has to be performed before meeting the final competency of firing a rifle under specific conditions. It would then be relatively easy to structure a training course, which might involve initial training and then further ‘On-The-Job’ training (OJT), which would del iver to the Army, soldiers with the necessary competencies to do the job required.Implementation of CBTA also allows the Army training institution to produce a more comprehensive training package that take into account the core values of competency (knowledge, skill and attitude). Efficiency in managing training courses, effectiveness of course delivery and systematic evaluation or assessment, ensure the quality of training, hence ensuring the quality of soldiers. Evaluation of a soldier does not end only at a particular training institution, which is the main approach in conventional method of training. CBTA allows continuous evaluation in the form of competency log.This would ensure that a soldier does not only competent during training but also when performing task and duties at workplace. In addition, CBTA can also help the Army to develop a good organizational structure as part of achieving military professionalism. Job analysis and job specification which have been identified during CBTA process, allows the Army to have the right person for the right job. This would allow the Army to identify what sort of competency and soldiers it needs in its organizational hierarchy. Improvements have also been made on Army training centers organizational structure.Moreover, besides having at least an officer responsible on CBTA at each of the Army training institutions, the Army also has started grooming its staff and instructors on what CBTA is all about. In year 2011, there were 5 courses conducted in the Army which aimed to increase the knowledge of the staffs and instructors. The courses were, Pegawai Latihan Vokasional (3 series), Induksi Pentauliahan Persijilan Kemahiran (3 series), Course of Study (4 series), Basic Instructor Methodology (1 series) and Kursus Induksi Pegawai Pengesahan Luaran Vokasional (1 series).These courses would lead the Army to ensure that CBTA is well understood, taught and implemented. As a result, the objectives of CBTA implementation can be achieved. Military professionalism should not only be accepted among military personnel but it must be recognized by the general public. CBTA has allowed military professionalism to be accepted and recognized. The implementation of CBTA in the Army is consistent with the requirement of MLVK. Adoption of CBTA provides soldiers with another qualification path and career development opportunity that has been established in line with the academic qualification structure.In other words, this means that the double qualification structure is based on two types of qualifications, namely the academic qualification and the skills qualification that are available in this country today. The emergence of this new skills qualification structure has opened up a whole new set of opportunities for all soldiers after completing their service in the Army. In addition, it also caters to soldiers who have no qualifications to show despite having years of working experience.As an example, PULMAT has able to get SKM accreditation of SKM Level 4 for its Souse Chef course. It is the highest level of SKM accreditation achieved among all the 318 courses conducted by Army training institutions. Attaining SKM Level 4 accreditation is equivalent to a diploma based on NOSS. Therefore, it can be said that soldiers who have achieved competency in the course is at par with others in the business environment or the labour market. They would also have a better career path after completing military service if they decided to pursue any job with similar competency level.A lot of discussions have been made regarding to the advantages and strengths of CBTA in having the Army desired results. Nevertheless, CBTA also have some weaknesses in heading to higher level of professionalism in the Army. Looking at the milestone and achievement of CBTA in the Army until today, the figures and statistics can be said to the extent of they are alarming. Out of the 17 Army training institutions, only 9 tra ining centers or about 50% are considered accredited training centers. They are IKED, IKEM, IJED, PULMAT, PULNORD, PULAPOT, PULPAK, PULADA and IPDA.These training centers have in total of 42 courses out of 318 courses that have been accredited with SKM certification. This only made up to approximately 13% out courses listed in the AF Code No 2. Only one course managed to get SKM Level 4, 13 courses at SKM Level 3 and 28 courses with SKM Level 1 to Level 2. IJED has the most courses in terms that are accredited with the national level SKM. Based on the AF Code No 2, year 2011, out of the 21 courses were conducted by IJED, 12 courses are accredited with national SKM.In addition, IKEM and PULMAT have 7 courses each with national SKM accreditation. PULADA on the other hand, only have 1 course (Dog Unit Handler Course) which has achieved national SKM accreditation. This is very distressing figures for the Infantry Corps in terms of where is the future of Infantrymen during their service and once they leave the service. The competence level of Infantrymen should portray the professionalism of the Army since most Infantry officers would end up as top brass in the Army.As for the future of Infantrymen after their service, the Army must take a necessary action to in order to ensure that Infantry soldiers have a decent competency to compete in the labour market, especially for the other ranks where they would normally retire by the age of 45 and still need to work to support their family. With only 1 course accredited (SKM Level 2) out of 18 courses conducted by PULADA, CBTA can be said as failed to increase the level of professionalism for the Infantrymen. Only those who have the technical skills and knowledge while serving in Corps such as KJLJD and KPD would reap the benefits of CBTA.With majority of Army personnel were only trained at SKM Level 1 and 2, one lead to wonder how SKM Level 1 and Level 2, help the Army to increase professionalism among its personnel. The general guideline of SKM level is as the following diagram. SKM Level 1 and Level 2 are categorized as in the operation and production level in terms of category of personnel. These are the level where most of Army personnel managed to obtain SKM certification from attending courses in year 2011. In year 2011, 4,800 Army personnel obtained SKM certification.Only 11% (550 personnel) obtained SKM Level 3, 32% (1,516 personnel) obtained SKM Level 2 and 57% (2,734 personnel) obtained SKM Level 1. Thus, referring back to the general characteristics of military professionalism, if the Army considers having most of its personnel achieving SKM Level 1 and Level 2 as increment in professionalism, then CBTA would have met its objective. Nevertheless, military professionalism is more than just special skills as in SKM Level 1 and Level 2. The Army should be looking at aiming for at least SKM Level 3 in order to increase some level of professionalism.SKM Level 3 will allow soldiers to have the three categories of personnel as shown in the diagram. The categories are skills, related/management skills and supervisory skills. Mastering them would lead to achieving military professionalism. When the MAF adopted CBTA, the general guideline of SKM competency has been laid out based on rank structure. SKM Level 1 for the rank of Private and Lance Corporal, Level 2 for Corporal, Level 3 for Sergeant and Staff Sergeant, Level 4 for Warren Officers and Level 5 for Officers. It can be said that some courses in the Army failed to meet the guideline.As an example, the Section Commander course conducted at PULADA, is only developed to achieve SKM Level 2. Thus, for the Infantry Corps, most of its sergeants would have SKM Level 2 instead of SKM Level 3 as required by the MAF. This should be a major concern for the Infantry Corps because it has the most number of personnel in the Army. The number of personnel with the rank of sergeant in the Infantry Corps is approximately 1,500 personn el. In the Infantry Standard Battalion, personnel holding the rank of sergeant are 56% (57 personnel) out of the 102 Non-Commissioned Officers (NCOs) in the battalion.The Infantry Section Commander course at PULADA basically focus on field application and tactics and not so much focus on managerial and administrative duties at the battalion. The managerial and administrative duties are covered mostly during the Pegawai Tidak Tauliah Rendah (PTTR) course at IPDA. Nevertheless, an infantry soldier is qualified to be given the rank of sergeant once he completed the Infantry Section Commander course. In an Infantry battalion, he is responsible to manage 7 personnel in his section.In year 2011, PULADA conducted 3 series of the Infantry Section Commander course with total number of approximately 300 students. The 300 personnel would have little knowledge of managerial and administrative duties due to normal practice applied in an Infantry Battalion is that a soldier will go for PTTR cours e once he completed the Infantry Section Commander course and if the he is planned to be promoted to the rank of Staff Sergeant. Moreover, on average only 100 bits are given to Infantry Corps per year for the PTTR course.In comparison to the 300 personnel attended the Infantry Section Commander Course per year, less than 50% would have the chance to attend the PTTR course. Hence, approximately 200 personnel would not be competent enough to manage a section of soldiers in the Infantry Battalion. In the Sistem Saraan Malaysia (SSM), a Sergeant in the Infantry Battalion will have to complete the PTTR course if he wishes to have a better pay. He will be given the P2 salary for the rank of Sergeant. Therefore, it can be said that money could be the motivational level to attend the PTTR course.That motivation would force the learning of managerial and administrative knowledge during PTTR course where in return, it would make the Sergeant a better soldier, increasing his level of professio nalism. Thus, it leads to the question on the new SBPA salary structure system where salary of P2 no longer applies. There could be personnel by the rank of Sergeant no longer wish to attend the PTTR course if they feel that they would not be promoted to the rank of Staff Sergeant. Hence, it can be said to the extent that without the PTTR course they would be less professional.For an Infantry Battalion, the 57 Sergeant would not have the competency to manage approximately 500 soldiers in the battalion if no one attends the PTTR course. The chain reaction effect of this issue is that officers would have a larger responsibility in ensuring military professionalism is carried out in the Army. The responsibility supposedly to be shared among the NCOs and Officers in order to have a well structured organization as required in achieving military professionalism. Another area where CBTA is seen as does not promote the sense of professionalism is in terms of leadership training.CBTA is not effective when used as a basis for training in areas such as leadership, and management where it is almost impossible to measure competency in terms of clearly defined behaviors that contribute to effective management and leadership, hence affecting the characteristics of military professionalism. Such areas still rely on a subjective assessment made by experts in the field. For example many special forces training courses do use competencies as part of the training package where these competencies relate to measurable behaviors. Literally behaviors which can be measured with a stopwatch.However, the final assessment must be subjective. Such assessment could take the form of a group of experts examining each individual and asking a question that can only be answered subjectively such as ‘would you go to war with this man’. If the answer is no, then it doesn’t matter how many behavioral competencies the individual has passed, he is not suitable. Such subjective as sessment is probably still appropriate in assessing candidates for jobs where qualities are required that can only be defined subjectively by experts. For example priest, teacher, military officer or a flying instructor.All of these types of jobs require qualities that it is almost impossible to define in terms of behavior. It is hard to say what exactly a good leader is actually doing, but we know it when we see it. Attitude competencies generally fail because they can only be measured in the negative. For example, a competency might require the individual to demonstrate the right attitude to safety. Well you can easily measure the wrong attitude, if somebody lights a cigarette in a no smoking area, you have a behavior which clearly demonstrates a poor attitude to safety.But if the individual is not smoking, it doesn’t demonstrate a positive attitude, all it shows is that the person is not smoking. Officer training courses where students are aware that attitude is being asse ssed tend to lead to students falsifying their behaviors that they believe will be viewed in a positive light. For example demonstrating keenness by always smiling and being willing to do a task. Any assessment could only conclude that the person is competent at smiling and effective in using the language of volunteering, it says nothing about the individual’s attitude.The keen individual might well turn out to be displaying a competency in duplicitous behavior, which might well be useful but is hardly a trait likely to endear the individual to his or her subordinates. CBTA could also lead to soldiers feel complacent on their achievement. They only have to achieve competence level since the evaluation is either he is competent or not yet competent. In contrast, the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) adopted the Competency Based Learning (CBL) and has a different competence level assessment.The differences between the Malaysian’s Army CBTA are that the SAF’s CBL evalua te performance based on five level of competency. The levels are, Novice/Advance Beginner, Competent, Proficient and Expert. The SAF feels that these are the necessary levels that should be assessed in CBL especially leadership training. Therefore, the Malaysian Army leadership training could be hampered in increasing level of professionalism due to soldiers feel that they only have to be assessed as competent. In order to excel, one should not feel complacent but try to bring the best out of him.In conclusion, the Malaysian Army should have a well defined terms and definition of military professionalism. From there, it would be able to understand how CBTA can improve the level of professionalism among its personnel. Based on the discussions, arguments and empirical evidence of CBTA achievements in the Army, it can be concluded that the level of professionalism could be increased solely by implementation of CBTA. Nevertheless, it does not mean that CBTA has failed in terms of its ob jectives, it merely need a minor overhaul in terms of the SKM level needed by Army personnel in achieving professionalism. 3894 words) REFERENCES 1. Janowitz, Morris, The Professional Soldier, The Free Press, New York, 1971. 2. Huntington, Samuel P. , The Soldier and the Slate, Belknap Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1957. 3. 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